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On April 14th of 1945, I was five years old. I came in from playing and was met by my mother who was sobbing. "Your other mother is dead," she said. I felt very sad, but for my adoptive mother. I never knew who my birth-mother was and never even considered the fact that I had another mother somewhere. I later found out that all the records associated with my adoption were supposed to have been sealed. So how could Mom have known that? I had a little bit of information about my birth. One such fact was that I suffered from hypopladia, "a condition I inherited from my father." It turns out that means that the opening of my penis was at the bottom rather than at the end. Of all the things to inherit! I also knew that I was born at General Hospital in Minneapolis, and that Mom and Dad were listed as the parents. That was all I knew for more than forty years. Mom died in 1985 and Dad in 1987. I was named executor of his estate. When I went through the papers I found a baptismal record for Richard Allen Hemmingsen, born on my birthday! Three names were listed as witnesses. After fighting with myself for a week I looked one name up in the phone book and called. A woman answered and I asked if Lloyd was there. The woman said he wasn't, but she would have him call me. I never heard from him and in the meantime, my ardor to find my birth family had subsided. Evie's father died a day after my mother on Christmas Day in 1985. When her mother died in 1987 she decided that she wanted to find out about her birth mother. She didn't have any feelings of betrayal. Nor did I. The laws that sealed the records in the early 1940s had been changed, and it was now possible to contact birth relatives, if both parties agreed to the contact. She wrote a long letter explaining all the things that had happened to her in her life and her views about politics and religion. To her delight, she got a response! Her mother was now living in Michigan and wanted to meet her. They did at the Minneapolis airport. An aunt was with her. In a long conversation, Evie learned that she had two half-sisters, a half-brother, and several aunts and uncles who were all very anxious to meet her. One aunt looked exactly like her. Her siblings were thrilled, and so was the man her birth-mother had married. He was a retired minister and had known about Evie for as long as they were married. We have had a warm relationship with the whole family for nearly twenty years. Unfortunately it has been shrinking because of deaths, but Evie still meets with a favorite aunt at least once a month. Her experiences finding her birth-family became a feature article in the Minneapolis Sunday paper. My path was a bit different. After Evie connected with her family, I again decided to try to find mine. Lloyd was still unavailable, but there were two other names on the baptismal certificate. I found one of the names in the Minnneapolis phone book. When I called him, he said, "You must be one of Hilma's twins." I told him that I was born in 1940. No, my uncle said. "The twins were born in 1944." You can imagine how excited I was to hear that! He said that she had died of internal bleeding one day after giving birth to twin boys. Ironically, my half-sibs were born on the same day as my adoptive sister, but a year later. I found out where Hilma was living when the twins were born and immediately placed a personals ad in the local newspaper asking whether anyone had information about the whereabouts of twin boys born in April of 1944. No one responded. In the meantime my new uncle arranged for me to meet with the rest of the family. It was huge; Hilma had had 10 siblings. An aunt threw a potluck lunch and the thirty some relatives all showed up. One was the other signer of the baptismal certificate. I asked her about my twin brothers. "They aren't brothers," she said. "They were a boy and a girl. Everyone called them Jack and Jill." From that point, everything came together. We were able to locate the adoption agency and they located the adoptive mother. She said that both children were alive and well. Later that night I got a call from my brother, and a few days later, my sister. Bro looks like me, but a bit heavier. We met my sister in Montana and visited Yellowstone Park together. We were both delighted. I have kept in contact with my Minnesota family. I have yet to visit my brother but I get regular letters from my sister. One of my aunts gave me a photo album of my mother. One, showing her on a bicycle with a friend, looked so much like me that we showed it to one of Evie's buddies. "That's John in a dress," Evie said, smiling. "Oh," said our friend. "Who's that with him?" My last words are advice for others who may be in our situation. Things don't always work out as well as they did for Evie and me, but if they do, it's like stepping into a different world, the alternative universe you always wondered about. magna rx penis enlargement pill product enlargement manhattan pennis penis enargement pills product penis enlagement stretcher pnis enlargement surgery picture best penile enlargement pills penis enargement forum

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Introduction Trieste is an Adriatic coastal city in northeastern Italy, close to the border with Slovenia. The sea in the Gulf of Trieste is very clear and clean, with limestone cliffs and rocky beaches. The centre of the city has a mid-European feel, more Austrian than Italian, Trieste was the seaport of the Hapsburg Empire. Unique Points You can enjoy a combination of a sea/beach holiday and the attractions of a cultural city. It is an ideal destination for a short break but you could easily spend a week here too. The Verdi Theatre hosts an opera season in the winter and an operetta festival in summer. You can swim in the beautiful clear sea, stroll the promenade, and walk along the cliff paths. Take in the wonderful art collection at the Revoltella Museum. You can sip coffee on Piazza Unita Italia with its grand 19th century buildings, which face onto the sea. Getting there Ryanair flies into Trieste from London Standsted. The airport is 35 kms west of Trieste but there is regular public transport on Coach 51 into Trieste. Getting around If you do decide to hire a car, it is worth checking that you can take it into Slovenia and Croatia if you are considering day trips there. Trieste has a good public transport network. There is a "Trieste by Bus" city tour in 13 stops. This is available on Saturdays and Sundays at 2pm from the end of June to mid October. The two and a half hour trip allows you to see the city's main attractions. The cost is around five euros per person. You can take the Opicani tram up to the Carso plateau, 348 metres above sea level. This funicular tramway was built in 1902. The tram leaves from Piazza Oberdan in the city centre up Scorolo hill to the plateau above. History According to folklore Trieste was founded by Tergeste, a friend of Jason and the Argonauts. Ancient Tergeste as a Roman colony is dated to around 178 BC. It became more important during the reign of Octavian when roads were improved. The city has had many rulers during its history: Goths, Byzantines, and Lombards. In the 13th century Trieste was forced to swear allegiance to Venice. To escape Venetian domination, Trieste sought the protection of Duke Leopold of Austria. Trieste was of great importance to the Hapsburg Empire as a seaport and was made a Freeport in 1719. Without customs barriers the port and city flourished. At the end of the First World War with collapse of the Hapsburg Empire, Trieste was returned to Italy in 1918. Trieste was taken over by the Third Riech when Italy withdrew from the Second World Ward in September 1943. Two years later there was a 40-day Occupation by Tito's Yugoslav forces. After 9 years under an Anglo-American government Trieste was handed over to the Italian government. Trieste's history may help explain why 70% of Italians apparently did not know that Trieste was part of Italy in a recent opinion poll! With EU enlargement Trieste is ideally placed as the only natural port in the centre of Europe. Trieste is one of three finalists to host the international Expo of Science, Technology and Culture in 2008. If its bid is successful there will be more investment in the area and Trieste will become better known on the world map. Literary Connections The Irish author James Joyce lived in Trieste during the early part of the 20th century. When he first arrived he worked as a tutor at the Berlitz School of English. He went on to write "The Dubliners", "The Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man" and start "Ulysses" in Trieste. The rich mix of central European and Eastern Mediterranean culture in Trieste is said to have had a great influence on his writing. Joyce was English tutor to Itali Svevo, the Italian novelist. Svevo was born in Trieste in 1861, his Mother was part of a Triestian Jewish family, and his Father was of German descent. Joyce encouraged and praised Svevo's work and Svevo wrote critiques of Joyce's work. Svevo's book, "The Confessions of Zeno", was virtually ignored in Italy. However Joyce recommended the book to publishers in France, where it was hailed as a masterpiece. The book is an autobiography of Zeno, written for Zeno's psychoanalyst, to help get to the bottom of his smoking addiction. Svevo is credited by Welleck as "an Italian novelist with permanent appeal as a psychoanalytical psychologist and as a portrayer of the inhabitants of Austrian and later Italian Trieste and their often uncertain national allegiance." Jan Morris wrote the book, "Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere". Morris claims this is her final book, a self- examination based in Trieste. Morris changed gender. Jan Morris first visited Trieste at the end of the Second World War as young Welsh soldier. She describes how the city "curiously haunted her" . She revisited the city as an elderly woman. Morris describes Trieste as "natural capital of the nation of nowhere". By this she means a home for the so-called "Fourth World" . This is a scattered group with the common values of humour and understanding, usually exiles in their own communities but probably numerous enough to form their own nation. I laughed at Clay Risen's comment in his piece about Trieste in the Square Table in Spring 2003. He observed that "Trieste is the only city in Eruope which appears more often in reflective essays than in guide books of newspaper travel sections." Exploring the city The best way to explore the city is to walk around. The Piazza dell' Unita d'Italia is the heart of the city. The square was created towards the end of the 19th century. It houses the City Hall, with its clock tower featuring statues of Mikeze and Lakeze, figures from Trieste folklore; Government House, with its gilded mosaic wall decorations; and the former Head Office of Lloyd Triestino, built in Renaissance style by an Austrian architect. The Victory Lighthouse lights the Gulf of Trieste and commemorates the dead of the First World War. It stands almost 70 metres high with a scaled dome containing a statue of winged Victory. At the base of the column is the anchor of the torpedo boat Audace, the first Italian ship to enter the harbour in 1918. The lighthouse took 4 years to complete and was officially opened in 1927. The Old Stock Exchange is a fine example of neo-classical architecture, resembling a Greek temple. The Old Stock Exchange stands by the so called Grand Canal. However this is rather an misnomer as the canal is very short. There is a statue of Joyce by one of the bridges. The Arco di Riccard is a Roman gate to the city thought to date from 33 AD. It is in Piazzetta di Ricordo in the old city. You can see the Roman amphitheatre at the foot of San Guisto hill. The Verdi Opera Theatre opened in 1801. It is of a similar style to La Scala in Milan. Museums There are many museums in Trieste, most of which are closed on Mondays. Probably the best is The Revoltella Museum, which was founded in 1872 when Baron Revoletta left his home and art collection to the city of Trieste. He also set up an endowment, which enabled a larger collection to be acquired. The Art Gallery has now spread over three buildings in order to house the ever-expanding collection by many Italian and other artists. Other museums include: The Regional Centre for the Study of Ancient and Modern Military History The Civic Museum The Museum of Oriental Art Piccolo Pharmacy Museum The Railway Museum Café society As Trieste is a port it was one of the first European cities to take to coffee in a big way. The first coffee houses in Trieste opened at the beginning of the 18th century. These cafés become very popular with artists and intellectuals. Several of the original cafes are going strong, the Tommeseo and the Cafee degli Specchi. Triestines are very particular about their coffee. If you order a cappuccino the Trieste version will be a black coffee with a little milk. You would need to order an Italian cappuccino. Mixing spirits with coffee is a no-no, viewed as a beverage favoured by foreign lorry drivers! Cultural and Sporting Events The Barcolana is held on the second Sunday of October. This is a sailing competition which has run for 30 years and has almost 2000 vessels competing. There are other events during the week such as the Saturday nighttime regatta. The winner is the boat, which can achieve the highest number of laps around the San Guisto basin. The Music Festival takes place for three evenings at the Piazza d'Italie. There is a line up of Italian and international talent and it's free. From October to May the concert and opera season unfolds in the historic neo-Classical Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi (opened in 1801 and designed by Matteo Petch, architect of Milan's La Scala) and the modern Sala Tripcovich. The festival of Light Opera is held in July and August at the Verdi. Figures of international renown congregate in Trieste for performances of such works as Fritz Kreisler's "Sissi", "The Land of Smiles" and Franz Lear's "Judith". Castello Miramare This castle was built for Archduke Maximilian as a residence by the sea. Maxilmilian and his wife, Charlotte of Belgium, came to live here in 1860. However their stay only lasted for 4 years as Maximilian was despatched to Mexico, where he been offered the throne in an attempt to end the Civil War there. Rebel forces killed Maximilian. Charlotte lived at the Castello alone briefly and then returned to her native Belgium. You can visit the castle and gardens. In July and August the tragic love story is brought to life in a "Sons et Lumieres". The voice of the Castle caretaker recounts the love story of Maximilian and Charlotte. Performances in English and German can be requested on Saturdays by phoning +39 40 414177 Castello di Duino This old castle dates from the 11th century, the only recognisable remains are the tower and an arch. The new castle was completed in the 15th century. Legend tells that in medieval times a young princess fell in love with a local boy. Her Father locked her away in a tower and had her lover killed in the courtyard below and the corpse thrown in the sea. In despair the Princess leapt from the tower, her screams turned her to stone as she hurtled down. Near the shore is a rock that looks like a woman's body. Some say that "Dama Biance" still haunts the area searching for her lost love. Duino Castle has only recently opened its doors to the public. Prince Carlo Allessandro and his family still live in the castle. The castle has accommodated many famous guests: Dante, Listz and Struass. The coastal path, the Rilke Promenade from Duino to Sistians is named after the German poet, a guest at the castle from 1911 - 1912. The Grotta Gigante, the Giant Cave This cave is the largest accessible cave in the world. It is estimated that you could fit St Peters Cathedral inside. The cave was first explored in 1840 by Lidner. In 1904, a four- year project started to turn the cave into a tourist attraction. It took 4000 candles to light the cave, electricity was only installed in 1957. There are hourly guided visits. You can find out about opening hours by phoning 040 327312. Swimming The beach at Sistinna Spiaggia is said to be one of the best in Italy. It can be reached by the no. 51 and 21 buses from Trieste. Grignano is closer to Trieste and is reached by the no. 36 bus. Where to eat Harry's Grill in the Hotel Gran Duchi is one of Trieste's most exclusive restaurants. I have eaten at this restaurant. I was even served with a pre-starter, a delicious titbit of stuffed aubergine, and a pre-dessert, a lovely strawberry mousse. The accompanying bread and bread sticks has been freshly baked. My (proper) starter was stuffed pasta, the main course was sea bass, topped off with white chocolate mousse rippled with passionfruit sauce. It is entirely possible to have a lighter meal, if you can resist the temptation. In Summer you can sit out on the pedestrianised square. Main courses cost from 16 - 26 euros. Piazza dll"Unita d"Italia 2, tel: 040 660606 Al Bragozzo is the best-known restaurant at the port, which specialises in seafood. The simply yet creatively prepared meals pay homage to the sea and its heritage by combining the elements of Italian cuisine and the riches of the Mediterranean. Specialties include spaghetti alla Giorgio (with tomatoes and herbs), ravioli stuffed with herbs, monkfish braised with artichokes (and cooked with white wine), and spaghetti with lobster. There are also many preparations of salmon and shrimp. You can eat at the outdoor tables, weather permitting, if you visit in the summer. Main courses cost from 10 - 25 euros. Riva Nazario Sauro 22. tel: 040 303001. There are many buffets in Trieste. These are restaurants which specialise in pork, often in various stews, sausages and soups. Two of the best known are: Re di cappe, Via Geppa 11, tel 040 370330 Da Giovanni, Via S Lazzaro 14, tel 040 639396 Day trips Exploring the Carse The Triestine cares starts at Montefalcone in the north and stretches down adjacent to the Slovenian border. The area is known as a paradise for botanists with a mixture of continental flora and Mediterranean vegetation. There is talk of the area achieving national park status. The Carsic house in Rupingrande has a collection of traditional furniture and local costumes. During the first week in May the works of local painters are exhibited during the Majence Festival, in San Dorligo delle Valle. The best known event is the Carsic Wedding, every second year on the last Sunday of August in Monrupino. There are dances every night of the preceeding week. On the wedding day the bridal procession, all dressed in traditional costume, walk to the fortress church for the marriage ceremony. Grado and Aquiliea Aquiliea was founded in the first century BC. It occupies a strategic defence location. It became a Patriarchs's seat andmany beautiful churches were built. The Bascilica is considered to be one of the most important monuments of early Christianity. There are two museums to visit there. Grado was the extreme southern part of the port of Aquileia. Now it a beautiful island city joined to the mainland by a causeway. It boasts 20 kms of fine sandy beaches. Grado was very popular as a spa during the days of the Austrio Hungarian Empire with its healing sands. Grado can be reached by the no 21 bus from Trieste. There is also a boat service during the Summer. Muggia Muggia is a pretty coastal town just south of Trieste, which can be reached by ferry from Trieste during the summer. The town is of Venetian origin, surrounded by medieval walls with a 14th century castle and a pretty port. Slovenia The Slovenian border is just a few kilometres from Trieste. The Lipica Stud and Riding School is under a half hour drive from Trieste. It was originally founded in 1580 by Archduke Charles for breeding royal horses for the Austrian court. Now you can tour the stud farm (6 Euros) or have a riding lesson, starting at 16 euros. Croatia Croatia can be easily reached through by passing through the narrow strip of coastal Slovenia. Wine Country Every Sunday during April, May and June you can visit specific wineries in the area to try their products. There are various wine itineraries you can follow. Venice Venice can be reached by direct train from Trieste. The journey takes around two hours. The train takes you right into the centre of Venice. enlargement manhattan pennis surgeon penis enhancement excercises herbal natural pennis enlargement natural pennis enlargement pills pnis enlargement program herbal penile enlargment pills free penile enlargment technique penile enlargment secret pnis enlargement surgery

Hookworm is one of most successful human parasites, having been around for many thousands of years and today residing in the intestines of close to a billion human beings. The two main species are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanum. Hookworm would not be so prevalent were it not for several persistent habits of human beings. The first is the habit of defecating outside on the ground, and the second is the practice of using untreated human sewage as fertilizer for crops. These two things, so ingrained in the cultural habits of many societies around the world, account for the majority of hookworm infection worldwide. Deposition in the soil plays right into the scheme of the hookworm lifecycle. Adult hookworms are seldom seen because they are quite tiny (a female is only about 1 cm long, and the males are even smaller); they remain in the intestine clinging to the lining with their wide mouths and grasping teeth. Females produce many eggs, which are passed out with the feces onto the ground. There the parasite will infect its next host if conditions are right. In warm moist conditions, hookworm larvae emerge from the eggs and develop quickly to infective larvae. They wait at the surface of the soil as the feces gradually break down, waving their bodies in the air in anticipation of the opportunity to infect a new host if one wanders by – the next stage of the hookworm lifecycle is to penetrate the skin of an unsuspecting human, then travel through the body via the bloodstream, to the heart, then the lungs, and finally the intestine. Intestinal hookworm infection is the end result of this complex journey. Hookworm infection is usually not a fatal disease, but the worms suck blood as they hang by their mouths from the lining of the intestine. Bleeding into the intestine can also occur. Individuals infected with many hookworms are initially likely to suffer from nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, fatigue, and weakness. Lethargy continues and anemia develops over time. Victims often suffer from swelling of the feet and face, and enlargement of the heart. Growth and learning ability is often affected in children. With symptoms like that, one can imagine how hookworm would take a heavy toll on a society in the long term – and one can see how easy it should be to break the chain of transmission. penis enlargment excersizes penile enlargment device vimax review truth about penis enlargement pills medical penile enlargment penis enlarement picture pro solution pill review side effects magna rx pnis enlargement surgery

The Vagina and even the word seems mystical. Most of a woman’s sexual organs are internal, rather than external, but we shall examine the vagina, and what leads to it, and what it leads to. This is a really then an examination of a woman’s sexual organs. The External Areas Leading to the vagina, one must begin with the “mons pubis” or mound of Venus. This is some fatty tissue that is just beneath the woman’s pubic hair, and this pillow cushions the area during intercourse. Next is the clitoris, and although considered an external element of the woman’s sex organs, the greater part of it is internal. The clitoris could be considered a miniature penis, as it contains as many nerve endings as penis does. It is very sensitive to stimulation, and during sexual excitement, the clitoris swells (as does a penis), and becomes even more sensitive. Constant stimulation to a clitoris will generally result in an orgasm. Strangely, the clitoris when stimulated can retract internally even more than it is when un-stimulated. The actual clitoris extends all the way to the vagina. There are two sets of “lips” called Labia Majora and Labia Minora. The Labia Majora (larger lips) act to protect the opening of the vagina and the urethra opening. The Labia Minora again cover the opening of the vagina, but these secrete a lubricating liquid called ‘sebum’ to facilitate the entry of the penis. Also these lips tend to shelter the clitoris. The last external area is call the perineum, and this is the area (also sensitive) between the opening of the vagina (called the vulva) and the anus. The Internal Components of a Woman’s Sexual Organs The vagina itself is the connecting area from the vulva to the cervix. The vagina itself is where the penis is placed at intercourse, and it has its own very sensitive area called the g-spot (about 2 to 3 inches inside and on the top side of the vagina). The vagina is smaller than a penis, but is very flexible and can accommodate penises of very large sizes. The penis itself however cannot travel further than the opening of the cervix. The Cervix is the connecting area to the uterus. The uterus is the area where fertilized eggs will lodge themselves and grow into the fetus (the immature child). The last part of the woman’s sexual organs are the ovaries (which correspond to a man’s testicles) as they make eggs, and the female hormone estrogen (along with progesterone and even small amounts of testosterone!). Connected to the ovaries are the fallopian tubes. The Fallopian Tubes receive fertilized eggs and sperm (if present) where the eggs become fertilized. Care of the Vagina This is a very large subject, but generally, there are some rules which apply to “partners” and will tend to keep the vagina and the partner’s penis healthy. 1. Use condoms if you can, and always with new partners. 2. Should your partner wish to insert fingers into the vagina, it would be well advised to kept their hands very clean, trim their fingernails very low and be careful not to have any sharp areas on the fingernails. 3. Before a sexual encounter, a shower or bidet wash is advised, and certainly after the sexual encounter. 4. Be very careful of bacterial and yeast infections. To prevent them, one should not allow vaginal and anal penetration with the same condom. After any anal penetration (either with a penis, finger or toy), it must be thoroughly washed before being placed in a vagina. 5. Women must take a great care in their personal hygiene, and after defecation, wipe themselves in a single direction motion only, always away from the vagina towards the anus. For additional care, each woman is well advised to consult their gynecologist, and establish a hygienic care program. manual penis enlargment exercise pnis enlargement technique best penis enlargement pill penis enlargement pic penis enhancement pills product free penis enlargment exercise penis enlagement surgery picture pennis enlargement video pnis enlargement surgery

Rabies- Attacks the nervous system and causes encephalitis. The virus is transmitted in saliva from the bite of an infected animal. It usually takes two-eight weeks before the signs appear. However, it only takes about ten days before it's passable through saliva. The most common ways for an animal or human to be infected is by a bite from an animal who's infected – usually a skunk, fox, raccoon or bat. Cats are actually more at risk than dogs – because they put themselves more at risk that dogs. There are three stages to Rabies: Prodomal Stage- Lasts two-four days. Signs can include behavioral changes, fever, slow eye reflexes, and chewing at the bite of the site. The Paralytic Stage- Last two-four days. Signs of paralysis develop, usually beginning in the limb that was bitten. Paralysis of the throat or face causes a change in the bark. Drooling with typical foaming at the mouth, and a dropped jaw. Followed by depression, coma, and death from respiratory paralysis. Once clinical signs develop there is no treatment! If a pet has been bitten by a wild animal or known related rabid animal – if they've been vaccinated, re-vaccinate them and quarantine them for 90 days. If the pet has not been vaccinated, euthanize and submit tissue for rabies testing. If the owner is unwilling to euthanize the pet, it should be strictly quarantined for six months with vaccination one month prior to release. Distemper- Greatest single disease threat to the world's dog population. Distemper develops over a course of days. Canine distemper virus is fatal to 80% of the puppies and 50% of the adult dogs that contact it. Symptoms include congested lungs, nasal discharge, vomiting and diarrhea. As it progresses, it attacks the nervous system, often causing partial or complete paralysis and seizures. The disease is highly contagious. Dogs can get the virus through coming into contact with anything another dog infected, including through all secretions of the infected animal and very surprisingly, even through the air. Most distemper appear in dogs less than six months of age and in old dogs that have not been vaccinated. Once infected, there is no cure. Treatment is supportive -- fluids through I.V to prevent dehydration, and symptoms treated. Dogs who recover from distemper may have vision, nervous system problems, hardened foot pads and nose leathers, throughout their lives. In addition, puppies may also have mottled teeth from damage to developing enamel. Dogs should be vaccinated, and given boosters, to prevent this disease. Parvovirus- This disease can overwhelm a dog within hours of first symptoms and result in death within 48-72 hours. It is found through the world, it is highly contagious and attacks the intestinal tract, white blood cells, and sometimes the heart. It is spread with contact through feces of infected dogs. Parvovirus can be carried on shoes, crates, equipment or the hair and feet of infected dogs. Symptoms appear five-seven days after exposure and include depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, severe diarrhea. Feces are generally light gray, or yellow-gray, and may be streaked with blood. Puppies under six months are most susceptible to the disease. If the disease effects the heart, puppies can die within hours, weeks or even months. Doberman Pinschers and Rottweliers appear to be at a higher risk for parvo than other breeds. There is no treatment that cures the virus. Nursing care consists of replacing fluid, keeping the dog warm, controlling vomiting and diarrhea, and dosing with antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. Parvovirus can live for several months in an infected area, thorough cleaning of all surfaces is necessary to eradicate the disease. Household bleach is a very effective agent. Vaccination against parvo has dramatically reduced incidence of the disease. The vaccine protects the dog for several years. Infectious Canine Hepatitis- It is inhaled or ingested by the dog, enters the bloodstream, and targets the liver, kidneys, eyes, and the cells lining the inner surface of the blood vessels. Some cases barely show symptoms – puppies may show a slight fever or be slightly lethargic and recover quickly. Some cases are quick and deadly. They may also have tonsillitis, reddened mouth and eye membranes, colic, then shock and death. Sometimes all within 24 hours! The in-between manifestation of the disease is the one most commonly described. The early symptoms are similar to the other forms – some puppies recover within two weeks, others develop internal bleeding, central nervous system involvement, and liver disease. There is no cure, only supportive treatment. Vaccination lasts several years. Kennel Cough- This is a respiratory disease in dogs that covers the actions of several infectious agents, including Bordatella bronchiseptica, a bacteria, canine adenovirus 2, and canine parainfluenza virus. The parainfluenza virus is related to the canine distemper virus. Symptoms range from hacking cough to inflammation of the larynx, bronchial tubes and trachea. CAV-2 also produces pneumonia in ten-twenty percent of the affected dogs. They're highly contagious, especially in kennels or shelters where the canine immune systems are stressed. Good ventilation is necessary to prevent and spread diseases. A combined kennel cough vaccination contains CAV-2, parainfluenza, and Bordatella in one dose of nose drops. Symptoms are no more than a bad cold, vaccination is recommended if dogs are to be boarded, or will come into contact with a large numbers of dogs. Leptospirosis- This is a bacterial disease spread in the urine of wild and domestic animals and capable of causing illness in humans as well as dogs. Several species of the bacteria produce disease in dogs. Symptoms include lethargy, kidney inflammation, low-grade fever, vomiting, reddening of the mucous membranes, and conjunctiva, and blood clotting abnormalities. A more generalized form of the disease can cause elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, pneumonia, and intestinal inflammation. Chronic kidney problems can result. Antibiotic therapy is effective in fighting the bacterial invasion and supportive nursing (replenishment of fluids, administration of diuretics to flush the kidneys and prevent kidney failure, blood transfusions, if necessary) is required. Vaccinations are not recommended unless there is a disease in the area. The vaccines help to lessen the severity of the disease, but do not prevent it. It also may not be effective for more than six months. Puppies and small dogs can have adverse reactions to the vaccines. If there is a lepto outbreak occurring and veterinarians do recommend vaccination, dogs should be inoculated against all four strains of the disease, unless the particular strain is identified. Lyme Disease- Is a bacterial disease spread by ticks. Symptoms in dogs include lethargy, joint pain, lack of appetite, lymph node enlargement, and fever. Some dogs have antibodies to the disease, indicating they've been exposed, but they show no symptoms. Treatment is with antibiotic, Tetracycline. Vaccine is available, but is not widely recommended because the disease is self-limiting and protection is limited to no more than six months, following inoculation. Lyme disease is more serious for humans than for dogs. Coronavirus- This virus causes diarrhea and vomiting, and can be confused for parvo. The mode of infection is direct contact of an infected animal or its feces. Some dogs have antibodies but no symptoms, others lose their appetite, have smelly diarrhea, and are lethargic and dehydrated. Treatment involves replacing lost fluids and controlling vomiting and diarrhea. Vaccine is available, but not widely recommended. -Information taken from the American Veterinary Medical Association UC Davis Book of Dogs – By, Dr. Race Foster and Dr. Marty Smith (authors of the particular chapters).