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The most exciting event in Slovenia last week was when a group of young army recruits spat on the national flag and sang the anthem of the now defunct former Yugoslavia. They were sent to a military psychiatrist for observation. Indeed, economically speaking, a preference for any other part of the late Federation over Slovenia would indicate mental deformity. Slovenia is by far the most prosperous and pacific of the lot. Income per capita increased by 7% between 1995-2000 and reached 75% of the EU's average. Yugoslavia and Macedonia would require half a century to reach this level at current growth rates. Slovenia's public debt is negligible (c. 26% of GDP), its unemployment rate is almost American (less than 7%), its budget deficit a mere 1.4% of GDP. Slovenia's gross national savings is almost a quarter of its GDP - as is its gross domestic investment (28%). It is a respected member of both the World Bank and the IMF. The former has disbursed c. $250 million for purposes such as structural reforms and environmental cleanups. The latter praises its monetary targeting, the managed float of its tolar, and the lack of major (budget and current account) imbalances. This, despite erratic monetary management by the Bank of Slovenia, which, together with the introduction of VAT, the oil price shock, and a totally CPI-indexed financial environment, led to escalating inflation (c. 9% annually, up from 6%). Thus, should Slovenian officials fail in their efforts to secure agricultural and regional development concessions from their counterparts in Brussels, Slovenia runs the risk of becoming a net creditor of the EU. Slovenia, contrary to most other current members, is openly unhappy with the "Big Bang" enlargement of the Union. It has successfully concluded 22 out 29 chapters to be agreed with the EU prior to accession and it is afraid of being held back by an unrealistic, politically motivated, process of enlargement which will stress the EU's deficient institutions to their breaking point. Slovenia is small. It is the size of pre-1967 Israel or New Jersey. With less than 2 million citizens (88% of which are ethnic Slovene), its population grows by a paltry 0.14% p.a. Still, had it not constituted the northern boundary of a war prone and unstable region, Slovenia might have attracted more FDI (it has one of the lowest rates among the candidate countries), bordering as it does and integrated as it is with the (relatively) large and disinflated economies of Italy, Hungary, and Austria. Many Slovenes actually live in Jorg Haider's part of Austria (Carinthia). Italians owned property (confiscated by the communists) in Slovenia before the Second World War (the source of a simmering grudge in Italy). Italians, Austrians, and Germans invest in Slovenian banks, insurance companies, and industry. Together with Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic (among others), it is a member of the now reawakened CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Agreement). Only 4% of Slovenia's GDP derives from agriculture (vs. 61% from services). Still, Slovenia, to its great ire, is often associated with the Balkan. But the bad neighborhood is not the only obstacle. Slovenia's privatization was as crony-infested as elsewhere in the Eastern Bloc and its legislation still incorporates investment-deterring anachronisms (restricted land and media ownership, an over-regulated labour market, lack of corporate governance). Capital account liberalization was implemented only recently. Close to half of the economy (including a chunk of the favoritism-ridden and inefficient banking system) is in the hands of the state. The private sector, though, is thriving. Growth rates (4% this year) are double the European average and GDP per capita is almost equal to Greece's or Portugal's. Slovenia's international trade amounts to 60% of its GDP. Two thirds of it is with the EU (half of this with Germany and Austria, the former colonial mater). Its trade with Russia, the USA (3% of the total each), and even with other republics of the disintegrated Yugoslavia is marginal. It still purchases raw materials from Macedonia and Yugoslavia - and sells back to them the finished products (as it used to do in former Yugoslavia). But this does not amount to much. The decoupling is intentional - Slovenia considers itself an integral part of Western Europe. All it inherited from Communism, it feels, was polluted rivers and coastal water, acid rain, and depleted forests. Still, such exposure to the EU makes Slovenia susceptible to the Union's business cycles. Shortsightedly perhaps, it does not have a trade representation or an economic attaché in the USA. Of all its erstwhile confederates, Slovenia maintains tenuous political contacts only with Croatia. It just resolved a long standing dispute with Croatia regarding the Krsko nuclear power plant. Both countries agreed to continue discussions regarding the final demarcation of the hotly disputed (in Slovenia) border between the two countries as a prelude to the introduction of the Schengen agreement. Overtures are made to post-Milosevic Yugoslavia. Slovene legislation is eagerly copied by Macedonia. Gradually, albeit reluctantly, Slovenia comes to be regarded as a role model by its southern neighbors who strive to emulate its success. cheap penis enlagement penis enargement information pnis enlargement before and after penis enlargement surgeries free penis enlarement pills male penis enlargment penis enlagement photo does vig rx really work

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And men have struggled to find a solution for this, just like in the case of any other problem. A small penis size does not have to be a problem for long because there is something men can do to change the situation. Penis enlargement is not exactly a new thing. In one form or another, it has been around for centuries wherever men felt the need to enlarge their penises. Today, thousands of men resort to penis enlargement products or services, especially since modern science has done a good job proving and disproving some of the techniques, as well as allowing for a more systematic approach. However, any man just starting out wants to know a few things. Although the theory is pretty simple, one can’t just going into the bathroom to exercise or strap a traction device on in the middle of the living room. There are a hundred questions any newbie would like to ask the veterans about how penis enlargement works, what accessories are needed and how long should enlargement sessions be. These are all details, but very important details. These are little problems almost everybody faces on day one of the penis enlargement program. The first advice any veteran will give to a new comer is to have patience. Of course, nobody likes to be patient and to be told that results won’t show for a couple of weeks. It’s hard to stay motivated when days go by and you have nothing to show for your efforts. Still, persistence pays off and those who have the strength to carry on with the program will find that results do come in time. Keep in mind that tissue needs time to grow and that many people experience growth spurts and plateaus and that you just need to be patient. Plateaus happen every now and then to almost every man who’s engaged in penis enlargement. Those who are trying to enhance their penis through exercises should simply change their routines. If an exercise doesn’t seem to bring gains anymore, replace it with another exercise. There is no set program; every user is free to come up with his own routine and to experiment with exercises until he finds what’s best for himself. Some beginners are impatient and think that having more than one penis enlargement session per day would help gains happen faster. However, more than one penis enlargement session per day will simply exhaust the tissues without rushing things up. In this case, it’s the intensity and regularity that counts because doing a routine more than once per day is not as good as doing it once, but very intense. The tissues need time to recover and grow in size, just like muscles need time after a gym session. Overtraining is never recommended. This category of questions also includes the dilemma of whether longer stretching is better than more repetitions. Frankly, this is mostly a question of whatever works for individuals and not a general rule that can be applied to everyone. Experiment with longer stretching and more reps and see what’s best for you. If more reps do the trick, then go for more reps. Another problem faced by beginners and old timers alike is the fact that pubic hair gets in the way of both exercises and the use of traction devices. There’s always the fear of inadvertently pulling hair and some men feel they can’t get a good grip on the base of the shaft because of the hair. Well, penis enlargement requires certain sacrifices from users and my advice is to clip the hair short or to shave it altogether. No sense in struggling through a session because of the hair. And it’s not only hair that gets in the way. The penis is not a precision tool that can be set to achieve partial erections on demand, which is why men sometimes find themselves fully erect and unable to perform exercises that require only a partial erection. The only way of dealing with this is to focus on something else (read a magazine that does not contain porn or a book, watch TV, think about financial problems) and to wait for the erection to subside. A big mistake that many inexperienced users make is to measure their penises too often. Frequent measuring is unlikely to show big gains and can undermine the motivation of a man engaged in penis enlargement. Since results do come in time, men should not measure their penis more than once every four or five weeks. This may seem to be a long time to wait for results, but less than four weeks is not enough time for tissues to increase in size in a visible manner. One of the controversial issues that had the penis enlargement community arguing is the issue of ejaculation after workout sessions. Some penis enlargement aficionados have argued that testosterone levels drop sharply after ejaculation, which may hurt gains, while others have said that ejaculation is the hallmark of a healthy sex life, which is, after all, the purpose of penis enlargement. At present, there is no certain way of telling whether ejaculation has a big impact on gains or not. This issue goes hand in hand with the question of having sex immediately after a workout. It is generally advisable to let at least an hour pass between the end of your workout and sex in order to allow the penis tissues to heal and rebuild before flooding them with blood again. Also, enlargement sessions exhaust the penis and it’s not a good idea to subject it to a second round of physically intensive activity in such a short period of time. One question that crops up every now and then in the minds of curious newbies is whether drinking water increases penis size or not. The answer is: no, not exactly. If drinking water alone could increase the size of limbs, then one could also gain inches in height or girth at the end of a single day. Hydration helps clean the body as toxins and other substances that cannot be used are dumped into the kidneys and sent out through urine. A body free of toxins is a healthier body and is able to heal itself faster, but that’s about as far as it goes. Simply drinking water cannot increase your penis size. PC flexes are a popular exercise among the penis enlargement crowd and a very effective one, too. Newbies often wonder if flexes should be performed fast and furious or slow and cool. However, there is no big difference between the two approaches. Going slow will help build resistance to prolonged effort, while the fast approach will help the muscle get used to intense exertion. It all depends on what you’re looking for: short term intensity or stamina. An interesting way of helping the flow of blood and the healing process in tissues is to use a device known as the Ring of Power. This ring causes a flow of electricity around the base of the penis and testicles in order to stimulate cellular activity, testosterone production and blood flow. If you’re planning to get one, keep in mind that such devices do not work in the same manner for everyone. Also keep in mind that your penis skin may not like the contact with zinc or copper. Some users have reported unpleasant rashes. Prudence is actually a good rule of the thumb for every product that does not come with the endorsement of a professional doctor. Don’t rush in to try every new idea out there because you may regret it. Let others try new products and read what they have to say about them. If the new products sound too good to be true, they may actually be that way. Always be careful when it comes to your health. 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A healthy sexual relationship breeds a healthy conjugal life. Unfulfilled sexual desires often leads to the break-up of many intimate relationship and results in heartbreak and pain. Sexual dysfunction of any form is often a result of a complex mix of psychological and physical incompetence. Impotence or Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is one of the most prevalent forms of sexual dysfunction suffered by millions of men worldwide. Erection is a natural process which occurs after a chain of events. The first event in this chain is psychosexual stimulation. This is promoted by the male sex drive, also known as libido. The mind then sends impulses down the nerve pathways to the penis. These nerve impulses relax the smooth muscles of the arteries which supply the penis with blood. This muscle relaxation leads to engorgement and erection of the penis. After orgasm, the blood is returned to the general circulation and the penis returns to a soft state. As men age, it results in the slowing down of many physical functions. These changes may be caused by a decreased production of testosterone, decreased blood flow or other diseases that are more common in men of old age. Diabetes, a very common disease of our time can also interfere with erections in a number of ways, and erectile problems tend to get worse if it’s present for a longer period in a man. Men with diabetes often experience decreased quality or number of erections. Healthy blood vessels are needed for the engorgement of penile tissue that leads to erection. ED can be caused by hypertension as well. It can affect erections either by the changes it causes in the blood vessels, or by the medications used for its treatment. Hypertension causes the arteries to lose their elasticity, and they therefore cannot accommodate the onrush of blood needed for erection. Hypertension may affect the veins, allowing the blood that does rush into the penis to exit just as quickly. Habits such as smoking, heavy alcohol use and recreational drug abuse may inhibit erectile function. The effects may be temporary or permanent. Temporary erectile dysfunction may occur as a result of intake of large amounts of alcohol. Permanent effects may occur from the effects of smoking on the blood vessels or alcohol on the nerves. Substances added to recreational drugs may damage both the vessels and nerves. Depression, a modern disease, can also hamper your sexual prowess. It may lead to erectile dysfunction due to a loss of sex drive, or by the medications used for its treatment. Problems with premature ejaculation and the anxiety associated with it may lead to erectile problems. Generic Viagra in the form of Caverta, Silagra and Kamagra can be of immense help for treating impotence in men of any age. These breed of drugs can revitalize the sexual life and infuse sexual energy like never before. These wonder drugs can treat your sexual dysfunction and make you feel like a youth full of life and vitality. free exercise tip for penis enhancement prosolutionpill penis enlagement information penis enhancement before and after picture best penile enlargement penis enlarement device penis enhancement pic best enlargement exercise pnis penis enlargment tip

Can love dolls really substitute a real lover? That is something that is up to the user of a realistic sex doll, but in reality, yes they can to an extent. The options are almost endless when it comes to choosing a life-size love doll that is right for you. There are many life-size love dolls that are on the market and will come in the likes of your favorite stars of the industry, such as Jesse Jane and Jenna Jameson. Love dolls are also made for the ladies. They make life-size love dolls such as John Holmes and many of the males in the sex industry, also accessible are realistic sex dolls that come in a different profession such as a construction worker. For the more alternative type of sex doll, transsexual sex dolls and even a doll that does not fit in to the slim and trim category. These great companions are as life like as they get, some are made with soft and very sturdy latex, and some are made from hygienic surgical grade Latex for the perfect feel and fit. CyberSkin and IsoFoam are also offered as an alternative to the latex ones. Life-size love dolls with mannequin heads provide a sturdy and sold night of fun and can be handled a bit coarser then the ones that do not have it. Life like love dolls are great for those lonely times when a love life has gone dry. Realistic sex dolls do everything that a real lover can do, minus the touching it can do to you. Some of the dolls will come with the sucking mouth feature that provides oral sex for the men and a vibrating, rotating tongue for the ladies. All realistic sex dolls provide a deep tight anus, be it male or female. Male dolls have a penis that is always hard and some will vibrate along with the testicles and may be removable. Women sex dolls have very firm breast and hard nipples that are very inviting to touch and play with alone with a deep tight vagina. Some of the body parts can be removable and used for a hand held masturbator for both men and woman and are easy washable. Love dolls can take a considerable amount of weight, if you care to sit on one and give it a try. Massage and love oils are always welcomed to be rubbed on the dolls, they are easy cleanable and help keep the friction to a minimal when playing with your love doll. Almost anything can be applied to a life-size love doll; you may want to check the package for the heat and weight restrictions as a precaution to yourself and the doll. Always take care of the doll by washing it after each use and storing it in a safe place. This will ensure that it will last a long time as a lover. home pennis enlargement surgical pennis enlargement penile enlargment secret permanent penile enlargement best enlargment exercise penile pro solution pill top penis enlargment pills get vig rx penis enlargment tip

Introduction The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) has governed international trade in textiles and clothing since 1974. The MFA enabled developed nations, mainly the USA, European Union and Canada to restrict imports from developing countries through a system of quotas. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) to abolish MFA quotas marked a significant turnaround in the global textile trade. The ATC mandated progressive phase out of import quotas established under MFA, and the integration of textiles and clothing into the multilateral trading system before January 2005. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing ATC is a transitory regime between the MFA and the integration of trading in textiles and clothing in the multilateral trading system. The ATC provided for a stage-wise integration process to be completed within a period of ten years (1995-2004), divided into four stages starting with the implementation of the agreement in 1995. The product groups from which products were to be integrated at each stage of the integration included (i) tops and yarns; (ii) fabrics; (iii) made-up textile products; and (iv) clothing. The ATC mandated that importing countries must integrate a specified minimum portion of their textile and garment exports based on total volume of trade in 1990, at the start of each phase of integration. In the first stage, each country was required to integrate 16 percent of the total volume of imports of 1990, followed by a further 17 percent at the end of first three year and another 18 percent at the end of third stage. The fourth stage would see the final integration of the remaining 49 percent of trade. Global Trade in Textile and Clothing World trade in textiles and clothing amounted to US $ 385 billion in 2003, of which textiles accounted for 43 percent (US $ 169 bn) and the remaining 57 percent (US $ 226 bn) for clothing. Developed countries accounted for little over one-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. The shares of developed countries in textiles and clothing trade were estimated to be 47 percent (US $ 79 bn) and 29 percent, (US $ 61 bn) respectively. Import Trends in USA In 1990, restrained or MFA countries contributed as much as 87 percent (US $ 29.3 bn) of total US textile and clothing imports, whereas Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and ANDEAN countries together contributed 13 percent (US $ 4.4 bn). Thereafter, there has been a decline in exports by restrained countries; the share of preferential regions more than doubled to reach 30 percent (US $ 26.9 bn) of total imports by USA. The composition of imports of clothing and textiles by USA in 2003 was 80 percent (US $ 71 bn) and 20 percent (US $ 18 bn), respectively. Asia was the principal sourcing region for imports of both textiles and clothing by USA. Latin American region stood at second position with a share of 12 percent (US $ 2.2 bn) and 26 percent (US $ 18.5 bn), respectively, for textiles and clothing imports, by USA. In most of the quota products imported by USA, India was one of the leading suppliers of readymade garments in USA. Though China is a biggest competitor, the unit prices of China for most of these product groups were high and thus provide opportunities for Indian business. Import Trends in EU EU overtook USA as the world's largest market for textiles and clothing. Intra-EU trade accounted for about 40 percent (US $ 40 bn) of total clothing imports and 62 percent (US $ 32.5 bn) of total textile imports by EU. Asia dominates EU market in both clothing and textiles, with 30 percent (US $ 30 bn) and 17 percent (US $ 8 bn) share, respectively. Central and East European countries hold a market share of 11 percent (US $ 11.3 bn) in clothing and 7.5 percent (US $ 4 bn) in textiles imports of EU. As regards preferential suppliers, the growth of trade between EU and Mediterranean countries, especially Egypt and Turkey, was highest in 2003. As regards individual countries, China accounted for little over 5 percent (US $ 2.8 bn) of EU's imports of textiles and over 12 percent (US $ 12.4 bn) of clothing imports. In the EU market also, India is a leading supplier for many of the textile products. It is estimated that Turkey would emerge as a biggest competitor for both India and China. However, with regard to unit prices, India appears to be lower than both Turkey and China in many of the categories. Import Trends in Canada Amongst the leading suppliers of textiles and clothing to Canada, USA had the highest share of over 31 percent (US $ 8.4 bn), followed by China (21% - US $ 1.8 bn) and EU (8% - US $ 0.6 bn). India was ranked at fourth position and was ahead of other exporters like Mexico, Bangladesh and Turkey, with a market share of 5.2 percent (US $ 0.45 bn). Potential Gains It may be noted that clothing sector would offer higher gains than the textile sector, in the post MFA regime. Countries like Mexico, CBI countries, many of the African countries emerged as exporters of readymade garments without having much of textile base, utilizing the preferential tariff arrangement under the quota regime. Besides, countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia emerged as garment exporters due to cost factors, in addition to the quota benefits. It may be said that countries like China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey have resource based advantages in cotton; China, India, Vietnam and Brazil have resource based advantages in silk; Australia, China, New Zealand and India have resource based advantages in wool; China, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Korea and few CIS countries have resource based advantages in manmade fibers. In addition, China, India, Pakistan, USA, Indonesia has capacity based advantages in the textile spinning and weaving. China is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of textured yarn, knitted yarn fabric and woven textured fabric. Brazil is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of woven ring yarn. India is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of ring-yarn, O-E yarn, woven O-E yarn fabric, knitted ring yarn fabric and knitted O-E yarn fabric. According to Werner Management Consultants, USA, the hourly wage costs in textile industry is very high for many of the developed countries. Even in developing economies like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and Mauritius, the hourly wage is higher as compared to India, China, Pakistan and Indonesia. From the above analysis, it may be concluded that China, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and Egypt would emerge as winners in the post quota regime. The market losers in the short term (1-2 years) would include CBI countries, many of the sub-Saharan African countries, Asian countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The market losers in the long term (by 2014) would include high cost producers, like EU, USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan and many east Asian countries. The determinants of increase / decrease in market share in the medium term would however depend upon the cost, quality and timely Review of Indian Textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using delivery. In the long run, there are possibilities of contraction in intra-EU trade in textile and garments, reduction of market share of Turkey in EU and market share of Mexico and Canada in USA, and thus provide more opportunities for developing countries like India. It is estimated that in the short term, both China and India would gain additional market share proportionate to their current market share. In the medium term, however, India and China would have a cumulative market share of 50 percent, in both textiles and garment imports by USA. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 13.5 percent in textiles and 8 percent in garments in the USA market. With regard to EU, it is estimated that the benefits are mainly in the garments sector, with China taking a major share of 30 percent and India gaining a market share of 8 percent. The potential gain in the textile sector is limited in the EU market considering the proposed further enlargement of EU. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 8 percent in EU textiles market as against the China's market share of 12 percent. Review of Indian textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using cotton, jute, wool, silk and mane made and synthetic fibers. In the spinning segment, India has an installed capacity of around 40 million spindles (23% of world), 0.5 million rotors (6% of world). In the weaving segment, India is equipped with 1.80 million shuttle looms (45% of world), 0.02 million shuttle less looms (3% of world) and 3.90 million handlooms (85% of world). The organised mill (spinning) sector recorded a significant growth during the last decade, with the number of spinning mills increasing from 873 to 1564 by end March 2004. The organised sector accounts for production of almost all of spun yarn, but only around 4 percent of total fabric production. In other words, there are little over 200 composite mills in India leaving the production of fabric and processing to the decentralised small weaving and processing firms. The Indian apparel sector is estimated to have over 25000 domestic manufacturers, 48000 fabricators and around 4000 manufacturer-exporters. Cotton apparel accounts for the majority of Indian apparel exports. Textiles and Garments Exports from India The share of textiles and garments exports in India's total exports in the year 2003-04 stood at about 20 percent, amounting to US $ 12.5 billion. The quota countries, USA, EU and Canada accounted for nearly 70 percent of India's garments exports and 44 percent of India's textile exports. Amongst non-quota countries, UAE is the largest market for Indian textiles and garments; UAE accounted for 7 percent of India's total textile exports and 10 percent of India's garments exports. In terms of products, cotton yarn, fabrics and made-ups are the leading export items in the textile category. In the clothing category, the major item of exports was cotton readymade garments and accessories. However, in terms of share in total imports by EU and USA from India, these products hold relatively lesser share than products made of other fibers, thus showing the restrain in this category. Critical Factors that Need Attention Though India is one of the major producers of cotton yarn and fabric, the productivity of cotton as measured by yield has been found to be lower than many countries. The level of productivity in China, Turkey and Brazil is over 1 tonne / ha., while in India it is only about 0.3 tonne / ha. In the manmade fiber sector, India is ranked at fifth position in terms of capacity. However, the capacity and technology infusion in this sector need to be further enhanced in view of the changing fiber consumption in the world. It may be mentioned that the share of cotton in world fiber demand declined from around 50 percent (14.7 mn tons) in 1982 to around 38 percent (20.12 mn tons) in 2003, while the share of manmade fiber has increased from 44 percent (13.10 mn tons) to around 60 percent (31.76 mn tons) over the same period. Apart from low cost labour, other factors that are having impact on final consumer cost are relative interest cost, power tariff, structural anomalies and productivity level (affected by technological obsolescence). A study by International Textile Manufacturers Federation revealed high power costs in India as compared to other countries like Brazil, China, Italy, Korea, Turkey and USA. Percentage share of power in total cost of production in spinning, weaving and knitting of ring and O-E yarn for India ranged from 10 percent to 17 percent, which is also higher than that of countries like Brazil, Korea and China. Percentage share of capital cost in total production cost in India was also higher ranging from 20 percent to 29 percent as compared to a range of 12 to 26 percent in China. In India, very few exporters have gone in for integrated production facility. It is noted that countries that would emerge as globally competitive would have significantly consolidated supply chain. For instance, competitor countries like Korea, China, Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico have a consolidated supply chain. In contrast, apart from spinning, the rest of the activities like weaving, processing, made-ups and garmenting are all found to be fragmented in India. Besides, the level of technology in the Indian weaving sector is low compared to other countries of the world. The share of shuttle less looms to total loomage in India is 1.8% as compared to Indonesia (10%), Bangladesh (10%), Sri Lanka (12%), China (14%) and Mexico (29%). The supply chain in this industry is not only highly fragmented but is beset with bottlenecks that could very well slow down the growth of this sector. As a result the average delivery lead times (from procurement to fabrication and shipment of garments) still takes about 45-60 days. With international lead delivery times coming down to 30-35 days, India needs to cut down the production cycle time substantially to stay in the market. Besides, erratic supply of power and water, availability of adequate road connectivity, inadequacies in port facilities and other export infrastructure have been adversely affecting the competitiveness of Indian textiles sector. Conclusions It is believed the quota regime has frozen the market share, providing export opportunities even for high cost producers. Thus, in the free trade regime, the pattern of imports in the quota countries would undergo changes. The issues that would govern the market share in the post quota regime would eventually be productivity, raw material base, quality, cost of inputs, including labour, design skills and operation of economies of scale. It is believed that quotas, by limiting the supply of goods have kept export prices artificially high. Thus, it is estimated that there would be price war in the post quota regime, with competitive price cuts. The price and quantity effects would depend on the efficiency in production process, supply chain management and the price elasticity of demand. Due to the expected fall in prices, developing countries with high production cost have little choice but to compete head-on with the biggest low cost suppliers. In this process, it is presumed that there would be better resource reallocation in these economies. It is assumed that quota restrictions would continue beyond 2005 in various forms. It is also widely recognized that removal of quota may not directly provide easy and unrestricted access to developed country markets. There would be non-tariff barriers as well. Standards related to health, safety, environment, quality of work life and child labour would gain further momentum in international trade in textiles and clothing. Strategies and Recommendations Cost competitiveness in Indian garments sector has been restrained by limited scale operations, obsolete technology and reservation under SSI policies. While retaining its traditional cost advantages of home grown cotton and low cost labour, India needs to sharpen its competitive edge by lowering the cost of operations through efficient use of production inputs and scale operations. Besides, there are needs for rationalization of charges, levies related to usage of export logistics to remain cost competitive. As fallout to the quota regime, there would be consolidation of production and restriction on supplying countries, which would necessarily mean improved scale operations. Indian players should also integrate to achieve operating leverage and demonstrate high bargaining power. It is reported that Chinese textile firms have already invested heavily to expand and grab huge market share in the quota free world. In India, organised players in this sector would require huge investments to remain competitive in the quota free world. These players need to expand and integrate vertically to achieve scale operations and introduce new technologies. It is estimated that the industry would require Rs. 1.5 trillion (US $ 35 billion) new capital investment in the next ten years (by 2014) to lap the potential export opportunities of US $ 70 billion. It is estimated that USA and EU together would offer a market of US $ 42 billion for Indian textiles and garments in 2014. Technology would play a lead role in the weaving and processing, which would improve quality and productivity levels. Innovations would also be happening in this sector, as many developed countries would innovate new generation machineries that are likely to have low manual interface and power cost. Indian textile industry should also turn into high technology mode to reap the benefits of scale operations and quality. Foreign investments coupled with foreign technology transfer would help the industry to turn into high-tech mode. Internationally, trading in textile and garment sector is concentrated in the hands of large retail firms. Majority of them are looking for few vendors with bulk orders and hence opting for vertically integrated companies. Thus, there is need for integrating the operations in India also, from spinning to garment making, to gain their attention. This would also bring down the turn around time and improve quality. Indian players should also improve upon their soft skills, viz., design capabilities, textile technology, management and negotiating skills. Garment manufacturing business is order driven. It would be difficult for the players to keep the workforce full time, even in lean season. This calls for changes in contract labour laws. Logistics and supply chain would also play a crucial role as timely delivery would be an important requirement for success in international trade. The logistics and supply chain management of Indian textile firms are relatively weak and needs improvement and efficiency. China has already created a world class export infrastructure. Given the volume of projections for exports by India, it may be necessary to create additional export infrastructure, especially investment for modernization of ports. In addition, India needs to invest for creating brand equity, supply chain management and apparel industry education. To sum up, the ability of Indian textile industry to take advantage of quota phase-out would depend upon their ability to enhance overall competitiveness through exploitation of economies of scale in manufacturing and supply chain. The need of the hour therefore is to evolve a well chalked out strategy, aimed at improvement in the levels of productivity and efficiency, quality control, faster product innovation, quick response to changes in consumer preferences and the ability to move up in the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution so as to outweigh the advantages of competitors in the long run. Source: Export-Import Bank of India, India.