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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. do penis enlargement pill work penis enhancement forum cheap vigrx pnis enlargement fact male pennis enlargement penis enlagement tip home penis enargement where to buy vigrx

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Clomid as an infertility drug is considered to be the cornerstone of all other medications that have followed the trend. While many years have passed since Clomid was first introduced into the market, it is still the same drug as it was before that most infertile couples come in contact with initially before everything assumed their places in the industry. Clomid, an infertility drug that appears in other names like CC, Clomiphene citrate, Serophene or simply Clomid is considerably inexpensive as compared with the brands that have invaded the market recently. Its main uses are focused on ovulation problems by means of oral consumption rather than via injection. While it was produced several years earlier than its predecessor, the workings of the drug still facilitate in a very complicated fashion but with desirable potency. It does not have effects on women whose ovaries have already reached the termination of their use. Nonetheless, Clomid is still a very potent drug when it comes to inducing satisfactory effects on all estrogen receptors. Thus, it has the capacity of creating reactions on all body tissues, which contain estrogen receptors. Tissues lying in organs like cervix, endometrium, pituitary, vagina and hypothalamus are some for which its known effects are working. Clomid is also useful in assessing the possibility of using the potential ovary reserve in a female. And it is also utilized for patients with defects on their luteal phase. Clomid, aside from its efficiency in working with estrogen, also has the property of influencing the functions of other four major and vital hormones in infertility namely GnRH, LH, FSH and estradiol. Although we still have no complete understanding of the exact manners by which Clomid conducts its processes, it still seem pretty obvious that its major effects in the brain is to fool it into believing that the estrogen level of the system is low. Thus bringing a domino effect of releasing more hormones to compensate for the lack of hormones for which infertility is said to have rooted. The effect of this normal reaction is to make the system a feasible environment for ovulation. The known side effects though of using Clomid in aid of fertility are the following: Multiple pregnancy Ovarian enlargement Pelvic and abdominal discomfort Bloating or distention Breast discomfort Nausea and vomiting Abnormal uterine bleeding Visual symptoms like appearances of waves, floaters, lights and etc. While there may be side effects like these, Clomid is still clear of having any association with increase of congenital abnormalities, complications in pregnancy, birth defects appearing in children and premature labor. cheapest penile enlargement pills buy vigrx penile enlargment surgery photo pnis enlargement excercises vimax pill pennis enlargement before and after manual penis enlargement vimax best penis enlargement surgery penis enlagement

Yes -- and most men would jump at the chance to have a bigger penis. Do you think bigger is better? The truth is that most women like seeing a big penis, so first impressions can matter a lot. Men that suffer from small penis size and poor sexual ability can now improve themselves with penis enlargement pills, natural exercises, and stretcher devices. I have tried to enlarge my penis, and finally found some methods that do work. Let me tell you that penis enlargement is a gradual process that doesn’t happen overnight, and it’s not for everyone. First a little anatomy Your penis is made up of 3 main areas, or chambers. The two on the top are made of spongy tissue that fills up with blood during erections. Together they are called the corpora cavernosa. The other major chamber runs along the bottom of the penis, and is called the corpus spongisum. This part holds the urethra, which is how urine and ejaculate leave the body. Exercises and stretchers Natural penis enlargement raises a man’s confidence, and this has a huge effect on his sexual health. 80% of men doing natural penis enlargement use daily exercises to improve their size, and penis health. Enlargement exercises, along with the stretcher devices are a safer alternative to surgery, and work by stretching the penile tissues. This is the same stretching process used after penis enlargement surgery. As the penis is stretched, whether with exercises, or for longer periods of time as with the device, it grows. Penile tissue that can’t even be enlarged with surgery can expand in order to fill up with more blood. Doctors have done tests that prove that size gains depend on how much devices are used, or how often exercises are done. Many men combine some form of the stretching with pills to improve the inflow of blood to the penis. Herbal penis enlargement pills Herbal pills improve blood circulation and have no side effects. They help to relax the smooth muscles that control erections inside the penis, to allow blood to flow in. Aphrodisiac herbs in pills aim to improve sexual desire and sensation. Herbal pills are made of unique sexual herbs, like Ginseng, Catuaba, and Zinc. These ingredients come from trees in some of the purest rain forests on earth.. Long term use of herbal pills can add new layers of cells in the walls of the penis to add permanent size in girth, or thickness. Penis enlargement pills also have been shown to promote long term penis health. There have been many new advances in the methods to enlarge penis size. While surgery, pumps, and prosthetic devices start to fade out as painful or otherwise dangerous methods, natural penis enlargement gets more popular. As a result of a man’s desire to improve his sexual health, there are now thousands of companies promoting herbal penis enlargement pills and exercise programs, among other methods. vigrx oil penis enlarement stretcher do penis elargement pills really work pnis enlargement forum penis enlargment exercise easy elargement free penis surgery way best pnis enlargement pills penis elargement picture penis enlagement

I just don't go into the reasons for circumcision, which change with every decade depending on whatever disease is in the spotlight. In the 1880s, circumcision was recommended to prevent insanity and epilepsy, in the 1940s it was recommended to prevent STIs, the 1950s it was a cure for cancer and in the early 21st century, HIV is spread in the moist regions of the foreskin as opposed to the dry, keratinised layer of the glans. In my opinion, circumcision violates a major principle of medical practice: First, do no harm. It also violates all seven principles of medical ethics. Some doctors and nurses refuse to perform or assist with circumcisions because of ethical considerations To make it clear I have no problem with circumcision as long as the person gives their full consent and is informed, as they are supposed to be with all procedures. The fact is when circumcision is performed, it does not treat any disease, injury, or other health problem. Since there is no urgency to do it, it must be delayed until the child is old enough to make the decision for himself. Therefore, a male may make a decision to be circumcised when he is older without losing the benefit of having foreskin. The foreskin is an integral, normal part of the penis. It contains about 240ft of nerves, and around 1000 nerve endings. This fact explains why anesthetics provide incomplete pain relief during circumcision. Without the coverage of a foreskin, the glans penis dries out and becomes keratinised (i.e. dry, thick, insensitive - think what would happen to the moisture surrounding the eyeball if the eyelid was removed) and takes on the function of the outer foreskin - protection from dirt, chafing and otherwise outside threats. Without the foreskin, around 80% of the penis' erogenous zones are lost, keratinisaton occurs (as I mentioned above) and the gliding action of the foreskin over the erect glans is lost, not to mention any risks associated with such surgery, including the formation of 'skin bridges' where the foreskin reattaches itself to the glans, skin 'tags' where the foreskin was incompletely cut away, scarring and excess skin removal. In a national survey, circumcised men reported they were more likely to engage in masturbation, heterosexual oral sex, and anal sex than intact men. The result suggests that circumcised men seek alternative forms of stimulation to compensate for reduced sensitivity. The complex anatomy and function of the foreskin dictate that circumcision should be avoided or deferred until the person can make an informed decision as an adult. penis enhancement surgery does magna rx work penis elargement surgery picture cheap vigrx pills natural pnis enlargement penis enhancement doctor penis elargement exercise free pennis enlargement exercise penis enlagement

Is there any relation between obesity and penis size? The question arises because, many obese men suffer from acute embarrassment about their penis size. So much so that many have even considered penis enlargement options. The answer is yes... and no! Let's deal with the "no" part first. Obesity does not cause a man's penis to shrink. Nor do obese men have smaller penises than any other category of men. So why all the fuss about obesity and penis size in the first place? Well, here's where the "yes" part comes in... You see, obesity can give the illusion that a penis is smaller than normal. It does this in several ways. Take two men of the same height and with the same size penis. One is of average weight, while the other is obese. Naturally, the obese man will APPEAR to have a smaller penis in relation to his body size. Many champion bodybuilders complain about the same optical illusion! There's another way obesity gives the illusion of smaller penis size. Obese men develop a fat pad at the base of the penis. When the penis is flaccid, it can retract into this fat pad. The penis can be further hidden by pubic hair. Very obese men may not even be able to see their penises without the aid of a mirror as their chest and stomach block their view. You can understand why many men in this position have considered penis enlargement. But it should be clear by now that in most cases penis size is not the real issue. Obesity is the real issue. Immediate results can be achieved by (carefully!) trimming pubic hair. Liposuction of the fat pad can also make quite a difference to the perceived penis size. But the best solution is an effective, sustained weight loss program. Weight loss will address the concerns about obesity and penis size. But, more important, the man will start feeling healthier and more positive about himself. And with such a mindset, he's a lot more likely get the chance to show off his "new look" penis to good effect!